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The agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sectors contribute substantially to the net global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To reduce these emissions under the Paris Agreement, effective mitigation actions are needed that require engagement of multiple stakeholders. Emission reduction also requires that accurate, consistent and comparable datasets are available for transparent reference and progress monitoring. Availability of free and open datasets and portals (referred to as independent data) increases, offering opportunities for improving and reconciling estimates of GHG emissions and mitigation options. Through an online survey, we investigated stakeholders’ data needs for estimating forest area and change, forest biomass and emission factors, and AFOLU GHG emissions. The survey was completed by 359 respondents from governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, research institutes and universities, and public and private companies. These can be grouped into data users and data providers. Our results show that current open and freely available datasets and portals are only able to fulfil stakeholder needs to a certain degree. Users require a) detailed documentation regarding the scope and usability of the data, b) comparability between alternative data sources, c) uncertainty estimates for evaluating mitigation options, d) more region-specific and detailed data with higher accuracy for sub-national application, e) regular updates and continuity for establishing consistent time series. These requirements are found to be key elements for increasing overall transparency of data sources, definitions, methodologies and assumptions, which is required under the Paris Agreement. Raising awareness and improving data availability through centralized platforms are important for increasing engagement of data users. In countries with low capacities, independent data can support countries’ mitigation planning and implementation, and related GHG reporting. However, there is a strong need for further guidance and capacity development (i.e. ‘readiness support’) on how to make proper use of independent datasets. Continued investments will be needed to sustain programmes and keep improving datasets to serve the objectives of the many stakeholders involved in climate change mitigation and should focus on increased accessibility and transparency of data to encourage stakeholder involvement.
31.07.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher & Fachartikel Peer reviewed

An important share of Middle European countries’ energy consumption is used for space heating. The latter is determined by building energy efficiency, user practices, and floor space. Research and policy tend to focus on the first two factors and neglect the latter. In the German residential sector, per capita floor space has been increasing for decades, causing important rebound effects. Reducing per capita floor space by only 2 m2 could bring 6% savings in heat energy. Senior homeowners are a relevant target group. When grown-up children move out, they typically remain in the homes constructed for a family. 13% of all households in Germany belong to this group. Their average floor space is 70.6 m2 per capita, compared to the national average of 43.8 m2. These homes are often in need of modernization, and not very energy efficient or barrier-free. The paper presents first results of the transdisciplinary research project “LivingSpaces”, carried out in the district of Steinfurt in Western Germany. Its objective is to develop and assess policy instruments which support senior citizens in choosing housing alternatives that are both space-saving and suitable for their future needs – for example in terms of accessibility, energy efficiency, convenience, or community. Examples are moving to a smaller place, letting out parts of the home, or rebuilding the home so it can be shared with others. The paper will present results of a representative survey that systematically explores senior citizens’ attitudes towards various housing options. Furthermore, it will explain the communication approach that is at the heart of LivingSpaces and consists of several modules such as an awareness campaign, an innovative personal advice service “new housing in old age”, workshops, and setting up a support structure that helps with practical issues such as legal, financial or organizational questions.
Energiewende und Klimapolitik Publikationen Produkte & Stoffströme Bücher

Germany’s third largest state, Baden Württemberg, was the first to mandate the installation of renewable heating technologies in 2008. Owners of a heating system need to employ a minimum share of renewable energy of 15% of the heat demand when the heating system is replaced. Instead of employing a renewable heating system, the building owner can also opt for efficiency measures, including insulation of the building. A part of the obligation can be fulfilled by carrying out an energy audit based on an individual building roadmap. For the first time, the effects of the Renewable Heating Act Baden-Württemberg have been evaluated in detail, based on statistical analyses of the available verifications, on market observations, interviews with 1000 clients, 150 heating installers, 250 chimney sweepers, 50 building companies, clients of energy audits and various stakeholder workshops and interviews, leading to a model calculation of estimated savings of the law. The paper will present the empirical findings and investigate the various mechanisms of the renewable and efficiency requirement, including direct and indirect effects, trigger effects, windfall effects and wait-and-see attitudes. Overall, the law provides positive impetus for additional installations of renewable energies, more energy efficiency and advice. This effect results from the sum of different effects: through the explicit requirements, it provides an additional direct incentive to expand renewable energies and substitute measures. Indirectly, the law strengthens the involvement with renewable energies both in the consultation process with heating engineers and planners/architects and in the purchase decision of customers. Additional energy consulting is also encouraged. However, the positive market figures compared to the federal trend are not completely causally attributable to the EWärmeG.The paper will conclude with a set of improvements of the Act itself and the surrounding policy landscape.
building requirements 01.07.2019 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

In order to calculate the financial return of energy efficiency measures, a cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is a proven tool for investors. Generally, however, most CBAs for investors have a narrow focus, which is — simply speaking — on investment costs compared with energy cost savings over the life span of the investment. This only provides part of the full picture. Ideally, a comprehensive or extended CBA would take additional benefits as well as additional costs into account. The objective of this paper is to reflect upon integrating into a CBA two important cost components: transaction costs and energy efficiency services — and how they interact. Even though this concept has not been carried out to the knowledge of the authors, we even go a step further to try to apply this idea. In so doing, we carried out a meta-analysis on relevant literature and existing data and interviewed a limited number of energy experts with comprehensive experience in carrying out energy services. Even though data is hardly available, we succeeded in constructing three real-world cases and applied an extended CBA making use of information gathered on transaction costs and energy services costs. We were able to show that, despite these additional cost components, the energy efficiency measures are economically viable. Quantitative data was not available on how energy services reduce transaction costs; more information on this aspect could render our results even more positive. Even though empirical and conceptual research must intensify efforts to design an even more comprehensive CBA, these first-of-its-kind findings can counterargue those that believe energy efficiency is not worth it (in monetary terms) due to transaction costs or energy services costs. In fact, this is good news for energy efficiency and for those that seek to make use of our findings to argue in favor of taking up energy efficiency investments in businesses
Cost–Benefit Analysis 30.12.2020 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

In der Debatte um Klimaschutz und Förderung erneuerbarer Energien wird eine verstärkte stoffliche und thermische Verwendung von Holz als vermeintlich klimaneutraler Baustoff und Energieträger häufig pauschal als sinnvoll propagiert. Die Umsetzung dieses Narrativs führt zu intensiverer Nutzung der Wälder sowie zum weiteren Anstieg des globalen Rohholzaufkommens bei gleichzeitiger Verminderung der Holzvorräte und trägt auch zum Schwund der letzten europäischen Urwälder bei. Der vorliegende zweite Teil eines literaturbasierten Diskussionsbeitrags zu Urwäldern, Naturwäldern und Wirtschaftswäldern im Kontext des Biodiversitäts- und des Klimaschutzes analysiert die Entwicklung der Holzvorräte und Holzverwendung in Deutschland und beleuchtet die CO2-Senkenleistung von Holz für die vorherrschenden Nutzungspfade. Dieser Komplex hat wichtige Rückkopplungen zu Anliegen des Biodiversitätsschutzes. Kritisch betrachtet werden die Klimarelevanz von Holz als Substitut für andere Ressourcen und die vermeintliche CO2-Neutralität von Holz als Energiequelle. Die klimapolitischen Ziele der EU und Deutschlands und deren instrumentelle Umsetzung überschätzen die Leistungsfähigkeit von Wäldern als CO2-Senke und die Lieferfähigkeit für die Ressource Holz. Dies gilt besonders in Anbetracht der Folgen des Klimawandels. Die Forderung an die Politik ist der Verzicht auf Holzeinschlag in Ur- und Naturwäldern und die Einführung entsprechender normativer Vorgaben sowie Kriterien, um die Stammholznutzung für energetische Zwecke einzuschränken. Dies gilt speziell für Importe von Pellets und Hackschnitzeln zur Verstromung in Großkraftwerken. Eine thermische Nutzung von Holz und kurzlebigen Holzprodukten führt gegenüber der fossilen Referenz meist nur zu geringen bis keinen Reduktionen der Treibhausgasemissionen. Stofflich nicht weiter verwertbares Holz, Restholz oder Sägenebenprodukte sollten thermisch und dann möglichst ortsnah in effizienten Anlagen eingesetzt werden. Holz, das in Form von lebenden Bäumen oder Totholz im Wald verbleibt, kann im Vergleich zur energetischen und ineffizienten stofflichen Verwertung einen mindestens ebenso hohen, oft sogar größeren Beitrag zum Klimaschutz leisten. Nicht maximaler Ertrag, sondern Walderhalt mit möglichst resistenten und resilienten Beständen muss das vorrangige Ziel der Forst- und Holzwirtschaft sein. Teil 1: Funktionen für die biologische Vielfalt und als Kohlenstoffsenke und -speicher finden Sie hier >> Click here for the English version >>
Klimaschutz – Teil 2: 31.12.2021 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement creates an international framework for market-based cooperation between countries and/or entities “to allow for higher ambition in their mitigation and adaptation actions and to promote sustainable development“. Article 6.2 provides a framework for engaging in cooperative approaches involving internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs). Article 6.4 creates a new United Nations carbon crediting programme, also known as the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism (PACM), overseen by the Article 6.4 Supervisory Body. Articles 6.2 and 6.4 are operationalised through decisions taken under the Paris Agreement. While distinct systems, they can intersect, as emission reductions or removals issued as Article 6.4 Emission Reductions (A6.4ERs) under the PACM, or by other eligible carbon crediting programmes can be authorised under Article 6.2 as ITMOs. A6.4ERs that are not authorised as ITMOs are referred to as Mitigation Contribution Units (MCUs).
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