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Model-based scenario analyses of future energy systems often come to deviating results and conclusions when different models are used. This may be caused by heterogeneous input data and by inherent differences in model formulations. The representation of technologies for the conversion, storage, use, and transport of energy is usually stylized in comprehensive system models in order to limit the size of the mathematical problem, and may substantially differ between models. This paper presents a systematic comparison of nine power sector models with sector coupling. We analyze the impact of differences in the representation of technologies, optimization approaches, and further model features on model outcomes. The comparison uses fully harmonized input data and highly simplified system configurations to isolate and quantify model-specific effects. We identify structural differences in terms of the optimization approach between the models. Furthermore, we find substantial differences in technology modeling primarily for battery electric vehicles, reservoir hydro power, power transmission, and demand response. These depend largely on the specific focus of the models. In model analyses where these technologies are a relevant factor, it is therefore important to be aware of potential effects of the chosen modeling approach. For the detailed analysis of the effect of individual differences in technology modeling and model features, the chosen approach of highly simplified test cases is suitable, as it allows to isolate the effects of model-specific differences on results. However, it strongly limits the model’s degrees of freedom, which reduces its suitability for the evaluation of fundamentally different modeling approaches.
models based on simplified test cases 30.04.2022 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

District heating can play a decisive role in the transformation to a climate-neutral building sector, replacing fossil fuels. Renewable and excess heat potentials for district heating are often spatially limited and a consistent EU-wide analysis of the potentials is not yet available. In this paper, we quantify the renewable and excess heat potentials that could supply future district heating areas for the entire EU. We combine different data sets with a high spatial resolution and conduct spatial matching. Subsequently, we cluster the results for the potentials for individual district heating areas to derive representative types. The results show that the renewable and excess heat potentials together with heat pumps are overall sufficient to supply the future district heating demand, with high technical potentials from geothermal heat and excess heat from wastewater treatment plants. Decreasing the system temperatures increases the amount of available potentials. The character and lower heat densities of the
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An important share of developed countries’ energy consumption is used for heating. In the past decades, increasing living space has been one of the main drivers for energy demand in the housing sector. Based on a social innovation framework and drawing on two case studies from Germany and Switzerland, this paper explores options to reduce living space in the residential sector. Both cases focus on senior owners of single family houses (SFH), an important target group, as they remain in large family dwellings after their children have moved out. In the paper, we present the results of empirical work conducted in both projects, exploring how living in large dwellings is perceived by SFH-owners and which alternative options seem feasible and promising. These insights are linked to an intervention perspective, drawing on targeted workshops for homeowners in Switzerland. The findings show that options such as densification, letting out or moving to a smaller apartment, can be appealing to senior SFH-owners, if they are linked to attractive and positive visions about living in old age. Drawing on these empirical insights, we discuss how senior SFH-owners can be made aware of the advantages of managing with less space, and how they can be motivated and enabled to do so. Based on the social innovation approach and the findings from the surveys, we add suggestions on a broader supportive policy framework.
reducing living space 31.10.2019 Publikationen Produkte & Stoffströme Bücher

The energy crisis following the Russian invasion of Ukraine has prompted an acceleration of policy efforts to encourage energy savings. Numerous policy interventions were proposed and implemented as a reaction to the energy crisis in the countries affected by the interrupted supply of Russian gas. With public acceptance being a key success factor for the implementation of policies addressing energy savings, our paper analyses the discourse on energy conservation policies during the crisis in Germany, using X data (formerly Twitter). The analysis aims to quantify whether the energy crisis has polarized the discourse on energy efficiency policy. The results of the quantitative analysis are to be backed up by a qualitative manual analysis of a sample of tweets, which could also provide insights into the users‘ argumentation. By analysing a set of 136,837 Tweets related to energy and gas saving posted between January 2022 and May 2023, we show a heightened public focus on energy efficiency policy during the cris
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As a key element of its strategy to increase energy efficiency and renewable energies in buildings, Germany has recently revised its building energy act. The revision of the law has received unprecedented media attention and has dominated the energy policy discourse in 2023 in Germany and beyond. Driven by the German tabloid “BILD”, a campaign making use of populist discourses and misinformation has filled the front pages of German newspapers. The high media reception of the so-called “heating hammer” has strongly impacted not only the provisions of the law itself but has also caused considerable damage to future energy efficiency policy developments, leading to a withdrawal of a previously announced tightening of energy efficiency standards as well as the watering down of Germany´s position in the trilogue negotiations on the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. Given the relevance of the process and the discourse for current and future policy developments, our paper provides an analysis of the differ
Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

Integrating increasing shares of weather-dependent renewable energies into energy systems while maintaining high levels of security of supply constitutes a challenge for system operators. The system integration of large shares of variable renewable energy generation requires an effective operation of electricity grids and efficient coordination among grid operators. Hence, the detailed modelling of grid operation has increasingly become important in recent years. Methods for modelling the operation of (extra) high-voltage grids are undergoing persistent enhancements in academia and industry. Existing approaches vary in data granularity and computational methods. Moreover, assumptions on technical details in grid models vary. The results are thus subject to differences in input data and modelling methods. The paper at hand aims to identify the most relevant differences that exist amongst grid simulation models and methods for studying congestion management in a European context. Differences are studied based on a comparison of grid simulation models from eight German energy modelling institutions. The effects of model parameterization and formulation on congestion management results are investigated based on three different case studies focusing on outage simulation, line constraint relaxation and the modelling of cross-border measures. Results indicate that data parametrization can have large impacts on model results with respect to congestion management volumes and the geographic distribution of the respective measures. The analysis also highlights the need to thoroughly calibrate key model parameters. The research findings will assist the grid modelling community and power system planners in simulating congestion management and increase the validity and explorative power of grid simulation models.
from a grid model comparison experiment 02.05.2022 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

In the discussion on the potential risk of carbon leakage related to the EU ETS and the effect of safeguard measures, the scope for passing through carbon costs into final product prices is considered a key issue. This study investigates whether and to what extent ETS-related carbon costs have been passed through into product prices by EU industry. Literature on the issue of carbon cost pass-through in industry, other than electric power generation, is relatively sparse and we therefore aim to add to the knowledge gathered in this area so far. We investigate a number of products in six industry sectors in several European countries and regions and provide estimates for carbon cost pass-through for more than 50 product/country pairs. In line with the literature, our econometric results imply significant cost pass-through for a number of products, with results being most conclusive for the cement, iron and steel, and refineries sectors. The extent of the estimated pass-through rates diverges between products and countries/regions. These findings are aimed at informing discussions about carbon leakage protection for industries covered by the EU ETS.
sectors 16.09.2020 Energiewende und Klimapolitik Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

The EU ETS is one of the first emissions trading schemes in the world and has contributed to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the sectors covered by the scheme in recent years. The EU has adopted the introduction of a new, separate emissions trading scheme (ETS 2) for the buildings and transport sectors as well additional sectors. In our paper we estimate the impact of the new ETS 2 on the buildings sector. We calculate the greenhouse gas emission reduction in the year 2030 using an approach based on price elasticities. We further discuss the impact of the ETS 2 on cost-effectiveness of heat pump deployment in the EU Member States to outline an example of longer-term effects on investments. The results show that with a carbon price of 45 Euro per ton the impact ranges between three and seven Million tons of greenhouse gas emission reductions. Even with optimistic assumptions on the reaction of building owners, the overall contribution of the ETS 2 to meeting the EU target for reducing greenhouse
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The 24th international climate conference in Katowice, Poland, in December 2018 was a major achievement in the multilateral response to climate change. More than 190 countries managed to agree on nearly all elements of a comprehensive rulebook that puts flesh on the bones of the 2015 Paris Agreement. The rules require, for the first time, that all countries provide detailed information on their climate change mitigation targets and regularly report on their progress in implementing and achieving them. However, one important chapter is still missing: rules for international carbon markets discussed under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Competing views on how to avoid “double counting”—counting the same emission reduction more than once to achieve climate mitigation targets—were a major roadblock to reaching consensus. Completing the missing chapter on Article 6 will be one of the key tasks when countries reconvene at the 25th international climate conference in Santiago, Chile, in December of this year. We highlight why resolving double counting is critical for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement and identify essential ingredients for a robust outcome that ensures environmental effectiveness and facilitates cost-effective mitigation. Science  11 Oct 2019: Vol. 366, Issue 6462, pp. 180-183 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8750 
counting and the Paris Agreement rulebook 11.10.2019 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Friedhelm Keimeyer veröffentlichte in der ersten Jahresausgabe der Neuen Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht (NVwZ) einen Aufsatz über das Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz. Der Beitrag ist ein Gemeinschaftswerk mehrerer Autoren und Autorinnen, darunter eine Referentin und ein Referent des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU), die mit dem Klimaschutzgesetz befasst sind. Er stellt die Kernregelungen des Gesetzes vor und diskutiert seine rechtliche und praktische Bedeutung. Der Aufsatz kann über die Website der NVwZ erworben werden. Dem im Dezember 2019 verkündeten Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz kommt eine Sonderstellung innerhalb des Klimapakets der Bundesregierung zu. Als Rahmengesetz für die Klimaschutzpolitik legt es verbindliche Treibhausgasemissions-Minderungsziele sowie jährliche Budgets für einzelne Sektoren fest und sieht Mittel und Verfahren vor, um diese zu erreichen. Dazu gehören regelmäßige Klimaschutzprogramme, Berichte und Maßnahmen bei Zielverfehlung, die Einbindung eines unabhängigen Expertenrats für Klimafragen sowie die Vorbildwirkung der öffentlichen Hand. Dieser verbindliche Handlungsrahmen für den Bund ermöglicht eine bessere Steuerung der deutschen Klimaschutzpolitik und erhöht so die Aussichten, dass Deutschland seine nationalen und von der EU vorgegebenen Klimaschutzziele für 2030 und darüber hinaus erreicht. Nach Ansicht der Autoren stellt das Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz daher einen Meilenstein der deutschen Klimaschutzpolitik dar, auch wenn einzelne Regelungen hinter dem möglichen Ambitionsniveau zurückgeblieben sind. Friedhelm Keimeyer hat zusammen mit Dr. Stephan Sina vom Ecologic Institut und Prof. Dr. Stefan Klinski von der Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin das BMU bei Vorarbeiten zum Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz unterstützt.
Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz 15.01.2020 Publikationen Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher