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Given the challenges of future land use policies addressing sustainable natural resources management and socioeconomic aspects, the inter- and transdisciplinary GLOBALANDS (Global Land Use and Sustainability) project identified relevant international policy options, their synergies and possible implementation, and initiated and supported respective processes. GLOBALANDS identified also “windows of opportunity” to strengthen sustainable land use through international policies based on an extensive screening of the most important international policies – both governmental and non-governmental approaches – with relevant impacts on land use. Key processes which could strengthen global governance towards sustainable land use are:The proposed UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in which land is covered partially. Mainstreaming of sustainable land use in existing UN and international governance systems such as UN conventions to allow for more coherence Better safeguarding of sustainable land use in project-level financing of bi- and multilateral devel-opment agencies and bodies. The private sector can play an increasing role in the governance of sustainable land use, but this may require e.g., a certification system. GLOBALANDS developed a new (complementary) approach for land-related indicators which integrates environmental and social aspects through the formulation of sustainable land use practices for different actors, and regions. The application of such indicators is possible within the process of regionally or nationally implementing the SDGs.A final outcome of the GLOBALANDS project are policy recommendation for Germany policy to foster sustainable land use in the international governance system. Also, key open (research) questions were identified.
Sustainable Land Use Standard (GLOBALANDS) 03.10.2015 Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

Der Stromverbrauch privater Haushalte trägt in Deutschland mehr als 10 % der energiebedingten CO2-Emissionen bei. Trotz erheblicher Verbesserungen beispielsweise bei der Effizienz von Haushaltsgeräten finden sich gerade in diesem Verbrauchssegment nach wie vor beträchtliche Stromsparpotenziale. Entsprechend groß ist der mögliche Klimaschutzbeitrag des Haushaltssektors. Der vorliegende Beitrag dient der Systematisierung und Quantifizierung der Stromeinsparpotenziale, die bei Privathaushalten entweder durch investive Maßnahmen oder durch ein geändertes Nutzungsverhalten erschlossen werden könnten. Das gesamte theoretische Potenzial, das sich durch die Anschaffung effizienter Haushaltsgeräte sowie den Austausch strombetriebener Heizungen und Warmwassererzeuger, also durch investives Verhalten, erschließen ließe, summiert sich auf rund 90 TWh/a. Dies entspricht mehr als 60 % des heutigen Strombedarfs aller Privathaushalte. Durch ein geändertes Nutzungsverhalten ließen sich nach eigenen Abschätzungen rund 30 TWh Strom einsparen. Die Ergebnisse des Beitrags entstanden im Rahmen des interdisziplinären Forschungsprojektes TRANSPOSE (http://www.uni-muenster.de/Transpose/, die gesamte Analyse steht unter http://www.uni-muenster.de/imperia/md/content/transpose/publikationen/buerger_working_paper_3.pdf zum Download bereit). Das Projekt wird im Rahmen des Förderschwerpunktes ‚sozial-ökologische Forschung‘ des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung gefördert. Bürger, V. Quantifizierung und Systematisierung der technischen und verhaltensbedingten Stromeinsparpotenziale der deutschen Privathaushalte. Z Energiewirtsch 34, 47–59 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12398-010-0003-3
Publikationen Energiewende und Klimapolitik Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

The transition towards decarbonized energy systems requires the expansion of renewable and flexibility technologies in power sectors. Many powerful tools exist to find optimal capacity expansion. In a stylized comparison of six models, we evaluate the capacity expansion results of basic power sector technologies. The technologies under investigation include base- and peak load power plants, electricity storage, and transmission. We define four highly simplified and harmonized test cases that focus on the expansion of only one or two specific technologies to isolate their effects on model results. We find that deviating assumptions on limited availability factors of technologies cause technology-specific deviations between optimal capacity expansion in models in almost all test cases. Fixed energy-to-power ratios of storage can entirely change optimal expansion outcomes, especially shifting the ratio between short- and long-duration storage. Fixed initial and final-period storage levels can affect the seasonal use of long-duration storage. Models with a pre-ordered dispatch structure substantially deviate from linear optimization models, as missing foresight and limited flexibility can lead to higher capacity investments. A simplified net transfer capacity approach underestimates the need for grid infrastructure compared to a more detailed direct current load flow approach. We further find deviations in model results of optimal storage and transmission capacity expansion between regions, and link them to variable renewable energy generation and demand characteristics. We expect that the general effects identified in our stylized setting also hold in more detailed model applications, although they may be less visible there.
capacity expansion: A comparative study 30.04.2022 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Hedychium gardnerianum is a major invader of native Hawaiian forests and suspected of smothering native understory species and preventing native tree seedlings’ establishment. In this study, effects on species composition in six vegetation layers of a Hawaiian rainforest were examined (Tree Layer 1, Tree Layer 2, Fern-Shrub Layer, Herb Layer, Bryophyte–Herb Layer, and Bryophyte Layer). Three different area types were compared, which included (i) Natural area types with no influence of non-native species, (ii) Ginger area types with a Hedychium gardnerianum dominated herb layer, and (iii) Cleared area types, which were treated with herbicide to remove alien species in 1998. Species composition sampled in 2004 of the upper three vegetation layers (Tree Layer 1, Tree Layer 2, and Fern-Shrub Layer) differed little. The lower three vegetation layers (Herb Layer, Bryophyte–Herb Layer, and Bryophyte Layer) showed highly significant differences. Species composition in the Ginger area types showed notable abundances of non-native Psidium cattleianum, but low coverage of native species. In the area freed of Hedychium gardnerianum (Cleared area types), native species are regenerating, although it still reveals signs of disturbance. If this area is managed to prevent reinvasion, then it is likely to regain a natural forest structure.
rainforest on the island of Hawai’i 01.04.2010 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations provide normative orientation for many national and regional governments as well as actors from industry and other parts of the civil society. There is a growing consensus that the corresponding transformation processes needed – e.g., in the field of production and consumption patterns (SDG 12) – have to be fostered by a corresponding institutional framework. Properly designed experiments that generate a learning system for all actors involved may be an important building block. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, we provide an overview of the various terminologies for experimentation currently discussed in the social sciences, derive common criteria for a broader approach to the concept of “regulatory experimentation” in reflexive governance structures and present a novel conceptual framework for analysing empirical studies of regulatory experiments. Bauknecht, D., Bischoff, T. S., Bizer, K., Führ, M., Gailhofer, P., Heyen, D. A., Proeger, T., & von der Leyen, K. (2020). Exploring the pathways: Regulatory experiments for sustainable development – An interdisciplinary approach. Journal of Governance & Regulation, 9(3), 49-71. https://doi.org/10.22495/jgrv9i3art4
Umweltrecht Energie & Klimaschutz Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

Die Diskussion um die Nutzung von Wäldern im Spannungsfeld von Holzproduktion, ihrem Beitrag zum Klimaschutz und der Verpflichtung zum Schutz der Biodiversität von Waldökosystemen wird mit Schärfe geführt. Es werden dabei auch Klimaschutzargumente bemüht, um Anliegen des Biodiversitätsschutzes zu diskreditieren. Manche der angeführten Argumente basieren auf einer fragwürdigen Datenbasis und -interpretation. In der Gemengelage geht es nicht nur um den Umgang mit Forderungen zu mehr Flächenstilllegungen von Wirtschaftswäldern und den Schutz von Naturwäldern in Deutschland, es droht auch der Verlust der letzten großflächigen europäischen temperaten Urwälder, die alle im Karpatenbogen liegen. Ursächliche Faktoren sind die intensive und zunehmende Holznutzung, ein unzureichender politischer Wille und ein zu geringes nationales und europäisches Engagement für den Schutz dieses Weltnaturerbes. Urwälder und Naturwälder sind in den EU-Mitgliedsstaaten auf weniger als 3 % der Gesamtwaldfläche erhalten geblieben; hunderttausende Hektar europäischer Urwälder gingen allein in den vergangenen zehn Jahren verloren. In diesem zweiteiligen Aufsatz diskutieren wir Argumente zu den Themenkomplexen (1) Biodiversität und Forstwirtschaft, (2) CO2-Speicher- und -Senkenleistung genutzter und ungenutzter Wälder und (3) Klimaschutzwirkung der energetischen Holznutzung vor dem Hintergrund aktueller klimapolitischer Entscheidungen der EU und der Bundesregierung. Der vorliegende erste Teil befasst sich mit dem Vorkommen von Ur- und Naturwäldern in Europa und widerlegt die These, diese könnten keinen wichtigen Beitrag zum Biodiversitätsschutz leisten. Außerdem wird der Beitrag von Urwäldern, Naturwäldern und Wirtschaftswäldern mit dem Klimaschutz vergleichend bewertet. Teil 2: Das Narrativ von der Klimaneutralität der Ressource Holz finden Sie hier >> Click here for the English version >>
Klimaschutz – Teil 1: 31.12.2021 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Under the Paris Agreement, Parties must track the implementation and achievement of their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). In many cases, NDC targets are expressed as greenhouse gas emissions, and it is essential for countries that the effects of mitigation measures are visible in their inventories. Inventory visibility is understood as the degree to which a change in GHG emissions or removals resulting from mitigation actions is reflected in GHG inventories. Inventory visibility is found to be generally high for measures that reduce CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, while in parts of the industrial processes sector and in the forestry sector there is a higher risk that emission reductions are not visible. An analysis of the portfolio of Clean Development Mechanism projects shows that for most projects this risk is low. However, as future carbon market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement may need to tap more into project types with medium to higher risk of non-visibility, national GHG inventory systems may need to be strengthened to assure visibility of mitigation projects.
greenhouse gas inventories 18.05.2022 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

The energy crisis following the Russian invasion of Ukraine has prompted affected countries to increase efforts to save energy. Despite substantial energy conservation observed across sectors, research has inadequately explored the reasons behind these savings. This study bridges this gap by analyzing the discourse on energy conservation during the crisis in Germany, using Twitter data. We analyse a set of 136,837 tweets from January 2022 until May 2023. The analysis consists of two approaches based on natural language processing (NLP): First, we conduct word counts within the days with high tweet activity related to energy saving to identify specific triggers. For a broader quantitative analysis, we then use text classification to categorize the data set into different aspects as well as different stances and investigate how these evolve during the crisis. Our results show a heightened focus on energy conservation in the Twitter debate during the crisis, reflected in an increase of the average monthly tweets
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The 24th international climate conference in Katowice, Poland, in December 2018 was a major achievement in the multilateral response to climate change. More than 190 countries managed to agree on nearly all elements of a comprehensive rulebook that puts flesh on the bones of the 2015 Paris Agreement. The rules require, for the first time, that all countries provide detailed information on their climate change mitigation targets and regularly report on their progress in implementing and achieving them. However, one important chapter is still missing: rules for international carbon markets discussed under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Competing views on how to avoid “double counting”—counting the same emission reduction more than once to achieve climate mitigation targets—were a major roadblock to reaching consensus. Completing the missing chapter on Article 6 will be one of the key tasks when countries reconvene at the 25th international climate conference in Santiago, Chile, in December of this year. We highlight why resolving double counting is critical for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement and identify essential ingredients for a robust outcome that ensures environmental effectiveness and facilitates cost-effective mitigation. Science  11 Oct 2019: Vol. 366, Issue 6462, pp. 180-183 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8750 
counting and the Paris Agreement rulebook 11.10.2019 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

While it is widely acknowledged that carbon pricing plays an important role in driving the transition towards a low-carbon energy system, its interaction with complementary instruments is discussed controversially. The analysis of combining carbon pricing with complementary policies has been mostly focused on the electricity sector, while the role of carbon pricing in the buildings sector has received only minor interest. In view of the newly introduced carbon pricing scheme for the buildings and transport sector in Germany, we analyze the interactions between the carbon pricing scheme with the existing policy instruments and assess the consistency of the policy mix for decarbonizing the buildings sector. Our analysis finds that the introduction of carbon pricing has a reinforcing effect on the instrument mix and adds to the consistency of the policy mix. The results highlight the importance of complementary policies in order to achieve deep decarbonization in the buildings sector. We conclude that carbon pricing, preferably implemented as a tax with a predictable and increasing price level, needs to be supplemented with a powerful mix of complementary measures.
for Decarbonizing Buildings in Germany 01.11.2021 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher