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International carbon markets can be an important tool in achieving countries’ mitigation targets under the Paris Agreement, but they are subject to a number of environmental integrity risks. An important risk is that some countries have mitigation targets that correspond to higher levels of emissions than independent projections of their likely emissions. If such ‘hot air’ can be transferred to other countries, it could increase aggregated emissions and create a perverse incentive for countries not to enhance the ambition of future mitigation targets. Limits to international transfers of mitigation outcomes have been proposed to address this risk. This article proposes a typology for such limits, explores key design options, and tests different types of limits in the context of 15 countries. Our analysis indicates that limits to international transfers could, if designed appropriately, prevent most of the hot air contained in current mitigation targets from being transferred, but also involve trade-offs between different policy objectives. Given the risks from international transfer of hot air and the uncertainty over whether other approaches will be effective in ensuring environmental integrity, we recommend that countries take a cautious approach and pursue a portfolio of approaches to ensure environmental integrity, in which case limits could provide for additional safeguards.
under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 08.11.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Obwohl 1957 erstmals ein Reaktor in Deutschland kritisch wurde, ist 2016 die Frage der Endlagerung hochradioaktiver Abfälle immer noch offen. In einer früheren Artikelreihe konnten Sie lesen, was die Hintergründe sind. Mittlerweile hat die Kommission Lagerung hoch radioaktiver Abfallstoffe („Endlagerkommission“) ihren Abschlussbericht mit Empfehlungen für den weiteren Prozess vorgelegt. Im nächsten Schritt soll das Standortauswahlverfahren anhand der „weißen Deutschlandkarte“ gestartet werden. Schon jetzt positionieren sich Bundesländer und Kommunen, um die Nicht-Eignung ihrer Region deutlich zu machen. Artikel erschienen in: sicher ist sicher – Fachzeitschrift für Sicherheitstechnik, Gesundheitsschutz und menschengerechte Arbeitsplatzgestaltung | Dezember 2016
15.12.2016 Nukleartechnik & Anlagensicherheit Bücher & Fachartikel

In: Sebastian Oberthür und Kirstin Rosendal (eds), Global Governance of Genetic Resources: Access and Benefit Sharing after the Nagoya Protocol, Abingdon: Routledge, S. 33-59. The article analyzes the history of the negotiations on access and benefit sharing from genetic resources and traditional knowledge under the Convention on Biological Diversity, which culminated in the adoption of the Nagoya Protocol in 2010. In the beginning the authors contextualize ABS as an emerging issue in different areas of international politics. They then analyze the interests and preferences of key (coalitions of) state actors and how they shaped the dynamics of ABS-negotiations under the CBD. These coalitions include the Like Minded Megadiverse Countries, the Like Minded Asia-Pacific Group, the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries, the African Group, the European Union, and non-EU developed countries. The authors map the positions of these coalitions on key issues of the negotiations like legal nature, scope, traditional knowledge, international access standards, compliance with user measures, and the Protocol’s relationship with other international agreements. With the main focus on the last phase of ABS negotiations in Nagoya in October 2010, they elaborate the dynamics of the end-game, the substance of the final outcome and the prospects for the Protocol’s future success.
Protocol: Issues, Coalitions and Process 18.07.2014 Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

Drawing on empirical evidence from studies conducted in two human-shaped landscapes in Germany, the article aims to enhance the knowledge of how to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem services in integrated, subsequently termed ‘cultural’ landscapes. We analyze the relations between ecosystem services, policy instruments, and local quality of life, and shed light on the various context-specific aspects that need to be considered when implementing the ecosystem services approach in cultural landscapes. The authors identify how biodiversity conservation in such cultural landscapes can contribute to green economic development. First, the paper briefly summarises the key characteristics of the two cultural landscapes that are the focus of this chapter. The authors then discuss a number of important aspects that need to be understood when managing cultural landscapes. These include the spatial dimensions of biodiversity and ecosystem services, the existing policy instruments and ownership structures, the perspectives, knowledge, and action of local people and land-users, the multiplicity of ecosystem services, including cultural ecosystem services, and the importance for adopting a dynamic view on landscapes. Subsequently, practical and policy implications of fostering ecosystem services in integrated landscapes are presented and linkages between the landscape approach and the debate around a ‘green economy’ are explored.
Pathways, pitfalls, and perspectives 01.01.2015 Umweltrecht & Governance Bücher

Meldung und Kurzanalyse von Agora Energiewende und Öko-Institut Der Neubau von Ökostrom-Anlagen verursacht weniger als die Hälfte des Anstiegs der Umlage nach dem Erneuerbaren-Energien-Gesetz (EEG).
Am stärksten schlagen hier die Kosten für Offshore-Windkraft zu Buche (0,19 Cent,

In a rapidly warming world, the transition to renewable energy faces challenges on many fronts. Sufficiency measures, which focus on reducing overall energy demand, hold great potential to accelerate the energy transition and create truly sustainable societies, yet remain underexplored in policy circles. In our perspective, we emphasize sufficiency as a cornerstone for a successful energy transition and broader societal sustainability. We identify key barriers to sufficiency and sketch how policymakers, businesses, researchers, the media and arts, and civil society can help to overcome them. We note that a full transition to sufficiency, beyond individual interventions or novel practices, requires systemic changes that address underlying structural barriers, and distil four broad lessons from the field of transition studies that can help achieve these systemic changes. We call on relevant stakeholders to embrace sufficiency in order to accelerate the energy transition.
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Energy efficiency and decarbonization are important elements of climate change mitigation. We draw on European mitigation scenarios from the EMF28 modeling exercise to decompose economy-wide and sectoral emissions into their main components. We utilize the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to gain insights into five effects: affluence, energy intensity, carbon intensity, conversion efficiency, and structural change. Economy-wide analysis suggests that energy efficiency improvements (including end-use efficiency of production and structural change of the economy) determine emission reductions short to medium term while decarbonization becomes more important in the long term. Sectoral analysis suggests that electricity generation holds the largest potential for decarbonization. Mitigation in the transport and energy-intensive sectors is limited by technology availability, forcing output and energy inputs to decline to meet the given mitigation pathways. We conclude that energy efficiency improvements could bridge the time until carbon-free technologies mature, while their quick development remains essential. Published in Climate Change Economics, Volume 04, Issue supp01, November 2013 by World Scientific Publishing Co.
A Sectoral Multi-Model Decomposition 04.12.2013 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Carbon crediting continues to be a popular policy instrument in the international community’s response to global warming. Public and private actors alike count on carbon credits to incentivize accelerated climate action as well as for complying with voluntary and mandatory climate targets. At the same time, a series of scientific reports have questioned the environmental integrity of many of the carbon credits traded on voluntary carbon markets, leading to an erosion of confidence in the instrument’s ability to deliver real impacts on atmospheric greenhouse gas emission levels. In discussions about carbon credit quality, an argument that is often brought forward is that high standards would be an impediment to market growth. But the economic theory of lemon markets strongly suggests otherwise.
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The Paris Agreement establishes provisions for using international carbon market mechanisms to achieve climate mitigation contributions. Environmental integrity is a key principle for using such mechanisms under the Agreement. This paper systematically identifies and categorizes issues and options to achieve environmental integrity, including how it could be defined, what influences it, and what approaches could mitigate environmental integrity risks. Here, environmental integrity is assumed to be ensured if the engagement in international transfers of carbon market units leads to the same or lower aggregated global emissions. Four factors are identified that influence environmental integrity: the accounting for international transfers; the quality of units generated, i.e. whether the mechanism ensures that the issuance or transfer of units leads to emission reductions in the transferring country; the ambition and scope of the mitigation target of the transferring country; and incentives or disincentives for future mitigation action, such as possible disincentives for transferring countries to define future mitigation targets less ambitiously or more narrowly in order to sell more units. It is recommended that policy-makers combine several approaches to address the significant risks to environmental integrity.
mechanisms under the Paris Agreement 21.09.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

This article describes the activities within the NCI during the evaluation pe-riod, presents the evaluation approach, and illustrates some of the findings of the evaluation as well as lessons learned for following projects/programmes aiming at contributing to reach the mitigation targets. Published in: „Im Hürdenlauf zur Energiewende – von Transformationen, Reformen und Innovationen“ by A. Brunnengräber and M. DiNucci (eds.); Springer Verlag, Wiesbaden 2014
Publikationen Energiewende und Klimapolitik Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher