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European Union (EU) legislation introduces two definitions of energy communities—“renewable energy communities” (Renewable Energy Directive) and “citizen energy communities” (Electricity Directive). Energy communities‘ importance for the energy transition has been mentioned in several other recent EU policy actions. This chapter provides an overview of the EU policy framework for energy communities by comparing the two legal definitions. It further discusses other relevant processes and gives brief insights into energy communities‘ development in several EU Member States. The analysis shows that countries differ considerably regarding the current deployment of energy communities and the legislative, social, and economic factors that influence their development.
policy framework for energy communities 08.07.2022 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

District heating (DH) can become a key infrastructure for achieving climate targets in the heating sector. In order to support the uptake of renewables in the DH sector, the European Commission proposed to open DH infrastructures to third parties. This will allow independent heat producers to supply heat produced from renewable energy sources and from waste heat to consumers connected to the grid. This paper develops a better understanding of the complexity associated with the introduction of third party grid access (TPA). We will analyse the heterogeneous institutional set-up of DH markets in the EU and discuss competition and market boundaries in the heat market. Based on this, the paper investigates the technical, regulatory and economic challenges that arise from the practical implementation of TPA. We conclude that TPA alone will not be sufficient to support the expansion of renewables in the DH sector. Complementary policy measures will be necessary to transform the DH sector towards 4th generation DH systems that will become an integrated element of a smart energy system. Published in: Energy Policy, Volume 132, September 2019, Pages 881-892
practical implementation 27.09.2019 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Scientific and public controversies about the design of future electricity systems can be observed, including differences around centralised and decentralised approaches. Taking the German case as an example, we develop a typology of (de)centralisation that distinguishes between (1) infrastructure location (connectivity and proximity), and (2) infrastructure operation (flexibility and controllability). This typology is applied to two competing visions for the future of electricity infrastructure. A differentiated view of the various dimensions can contribute to the current debate, clarify visions for development paths, and inform infrastructure governance.
visions for electricity infrastructure 30.06.2016 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

In order to limit global warming to 2 °C, industrialised countries like Germany are obliged to de-carbonise their energy systems extensively by the middle of the century. The building sector – particularly the building stock – plays a pivotal role in the long-term climate protection strategies for Germany. Key control variables in this context are building standards, heat supply technologies and the sector allocation of limited renewable energy potentials. Based on existing normative long-term scenarios for the heating sector and using the residential building sector as a case study, this article assesses the current German policy framework for the building sector against the modelled long-term development needs. Published in:Energy Policy, Volume 59, August 2013, Pages 71-81
long-term climate protection targets 01.08.2013 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

This article describes and evaluates a number of different financial support instruments for the energy refurbishment of the building stock based on the example of Germany. The key focus is on policy instruments which are not counter-financed by public budgets or where, by other means, investment and planning security for investors is assured. Through such instruments the typical disadvantages of public budget-financed support programs (e.g. insufficient support funds, frequent changes to support conditions) should be alleviated. Five different policy instruments are examined in terms of their legal viability and evaluated according to functionality criteria. The article closes with a recommended time frame for the implementation of an effective set of policy instruments. https://doi.org/10.1260/0958-305X.24.1-2.105
Publikationen Energiewende und Klimapolitik Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

This article describes the activities within the NCI during the evaluation pe-riod, presents the evaluation approach, and illustrates some of the findings of the evaluation as well as lessons learned for following projects/programmes aiming at contributing to reach the mitigation targets. Published in: „Im Hürdenlauf zur Energiewende – von Transformationen, Reformen und Innovationen“ by A. Brunnengräber and M. DiNucci (eds.); Springer Verlag, Wiesbaden 2014
Publikationen Energiewende und Klimapolitik Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Energy efficiency and decarbonization are important elements of climate change mitigation. We draw on European mitigation scenarios from the EMF28 modeling exercise to decompose economy-wide and sectoral emissions into their main components. We utilize the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to gain insights into five effects: affluence, energy intensity, carbon intensity, conversion efficiency, and structural change. Economy-wide analysis suggests that energy efficiency improvements (including end-use efficiency of production and structural change of the economy) determine emission reductions short to medium term while decarbonization becomes more important in the long term. Sectoral analysis suggests that electricity generation holds the largest potential for decarbonization. Mitigation in the transport and energy-intensive sectors is limited by technology availability, forcing output and energy inputs to decline to meet the given mitigation pathways. We conclude that energy efficiency improvements could bridge the time until carbon-free technologies mature, while their quick development remains essential. Published in Climate Change Economics, Volume 04, Issue supp01, November 2013 by World Scientific Publishing Co.
A Sectoral Multi-Model Decomposition 04.12.2013 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

Carbon crediting continues to be a popular policy instrument in the international community’s response to global warming. Public and private actors alike count on carbon credits to incentivize accelerated climate action as well as for complying with voluntary and mandatory climate targets. At the same time, a series of scientific reports have questioned the environmental integrity of many of the carbon credits traded on voluntary carbon markets, leading to an erosion of confidence in the instrument’s ability to deliver real impacts on atmospheric greenhouse gas emission levels. In discussions about carbon credit quality, an argument that is often brought forward is that high standards would be an impediment to market growth. But the economic theory of lemon markets strongly suggests otherwise.
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The Paris Agreement establishes provisions for using international carbon market mechanisms to achieve climate mitigation contributions. Environmental integrity is a key principle for using such mechanisms under the Agreement. This paper systematically identifies and categorizes issues and options to achieve environmental integrity, including how it could be defined, what influences it, and what approaches could mitigate environmental integrity risks. Here, environmental integrity is assumed to be ensured if the engagement in international transfers of carbon market units leads to the same or lower aggregated global emissions. Four factors are identified that influence environmental integrity: the accounting for international transfers; the quality of units generated, i.e. whether the mechanism ensures that the issuance or transfer of units leads to emission reductions in the transferring country; the ambition and scope of the mitigation target of the transferring country; and incentives or disincentives for future mitigation action, such as possible disincentives for transferring countries to define future mitigation targets less ambitiously or more narrowly in order to sell more units. It is recommended that policy-makers combine several approaches to address the significant risks to environmental integrity.
mechanisms under the Paris Agreement 21.09.2018 Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher

In its current form, the EU’s renewable energy directives encourage the use of primary woody biomass from forests as an energy source. However, the directive gives a completely wrong picture of the associated greenhouse gas emissions, write a group of academics. Klaus Josef Hennenberg and Hannes Böttcher are researchers at the Oeko-Institut in Berlin. Sampo Soimakallio is a researcher at the Finnish Environmental Institute, Helsinki. Edward Robinson is a consultant at Economy, Land and Climate Insight, London.
fuels for climate 13.12.2022 Publikationen Energie & Klimaschutz Bücher