Dein Suchergebnis zum Thema: W��hrung

This study takes a first step in evaluating how benefit sharing arrangements are treated in the VCM and how they are being implemented. The study assesses different aspects of benefit sharing agreements.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

The Global Stocktake (GST) takes a central role within the architecture of the Paris Agreement, with many hoping that it will become a catalyst for increased mitigation ambition. This paper outlines four governance functions for an ideal GST: pacemaker, ensurer of accountability, driver of ambition and provider of guidance and signal. The GST can set the pace of progress by stimulating and synchronizing policy processes across governance levels. It can ensure accountability of Parties through transparency and public information sharing. Ambition can be enhanced through benchmarks for action and transformative learning. By reiterating and refining the long term visions, it can echo and amplify the guidance and signal provided by the Paris Agreement. The paper further outlines preconditions for the effective performance of these functions. Process-related conditions include: a public appraisal of inputs; a facilitative format that can develop specific recommendations; high-level endorsement to amplify the message and effectively inform national climate policy agendas; and an appropriate schedule, especially with respect to the transparency framework. Underlying information provided by Parties complemented with other (scientific) sources needs to enable benchmark setting for collective climate action, to allow for transparent assessments of the state of emissions and progress of a low-carbon transformation. The information also needs to be politically relevant and concrete enough to trigger enhancement of ambition. We conclude that meeting these conditions would enable an ideal GST and maximize its catalytic effect.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

The transition towards decarbonized energy systems requires the expansion of renewable and flexibility technologies in power sectors. Many powerful tools exist to find optimal capacity expansion. In a stylized comparison of six models, we evaluate the capacity expansion results of basic power sector technologies. The technologies under investigation include base- and peak load power plants, electricity storage, and transmission. We define four highly simplified and harmonized test cases that focus on the expansion of only one or two specific technologies to isolate their effects on model results. We find that deviating assumptions on limited availability factors of technologies cause technology-specific deviations between optimal capacity expansion in models in almost all test cases. Fixed energy-to-power ratios of storage can entirely change optimal expansion outcomes, especially shifting the ratio between short- and long-duration storage. Fixed initial and final-period storage levels can affect the seasonal use of long-duration storage. Models with a pre-ordered dispatch structure substantially deviate from linear optimization models, as missing foresight and limited flexibility can lead to higher capacity investments. A simplified net transfer capacity approach underestimates the need for grid infrastructure compared to a more detailed direct current load flow approach. We further find deviations in model results of optimal storage and transmission capacity expansion between regions, and link them to variable renewable energy generation and demand characteristics. We expect that the general effects identified in our stylized setting also hold in more detailed model applications, although they may be less visible there.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

Rainer Grießhammer, Mitglied der Geschäftsführung des Öko-Instituts, wird eine

This annual report of the European Environment Agency (EEA) provides a summary of the information reported on the production, import, export and destruction of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) in the European Union since 2007 as required by the EU F-gases Regulation 517/2014 (FGR) and previously under Regulation 842/2006.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

At present, the EU is targeting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, but this target falls short of meeting the targets of the Paris Agreement. A significant increase in the ambition of EU climate policy is not possible without further enhancing of the EU ETS. This study analyses how the emission target of the EU ETS needs to be altered when the overall EU emission reduction target is increased from 40% to 55-60% compared to 1990 levels by 2030. In addition, the study assesses measures to achieve the more ambitious emission reduction target for the EU ETS. The measures were analysed according to their emission reduction potential and political feasibility, i.e. ease of implementation. The measures include strengthening the cap, carbon floor price for emission allowances, addressing the surplus of emissions allowances, reducing the free allocation of allowances and increasing the scope of the EU ETS. The study estimates the extent to which each measure is expected to reduce emissions within the EU ETS and their political feasibility. The study finds that there is no silver bullet to enhance the EU ETS, but a comprehensive policy package is needed: Strengthening the cap to align it with the enhanced emission reduction target.Enhancing the market stability reserve to effectively reduce the current and expected surplus of emission allowances.A group of countries demonstrating leadership by adopting a carbon price floor and withdrawing the maximum number of allowances allowed from auctioning when power plants are closed because of national measures. The study concludes with a concrete plan forward, which is politically feasible and delivers the emissions reductions aligned with the Paris Agreement. To implement the plan, strong political will is needed from the European Parliament, Member States, and the Commission.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

The EU is legally obliged to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 and has an interim target for 2030 of reducing net GHG emissions by at least 55% compared to 1990. The European Climate Law also requires the EU to adopt an interim climate target for 2040. This paper is part of a group of sectoral papers, published in the context of a project funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. In this project, Ecologic and Oeko-Institute analyse the ambition level of the 2040 target and examine the impacts of a new 2040 target on Member States, sectors, and instruments. For more information about this project see: EU 2040 Climate Target. Level of ambition and implications. Besides other outputs of this project, these sectoral papers explore contributions of respective sectors to the upcoming 2040 climate target and what it takes for these sectors to achieve the related emission reduc-tions. Relying on various emission reduction scenarios, the papers discuss different measures and polic
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

A reduction of energy service demand in all sectors is required to reach ambitious climate and other sustainability goals. A growing number of energy and climate scenarios does include detailed assumptions and quantified parameters for the reduction of energy service demand. However, the indicators and units used to measure the demand reduction potential of energy services differ from study to study and are thus difficult to compare. To help fill the existing research gap around the assumptions and quantification of sufficiency potentials, we analyse quantified European-focused sufficiency scenarios that are ambitious with respect to energy demand reduction.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

The impact of a global phase-out of nuclear energy is assessed for the costs of meeting international climate policy targets for 2020. The analysis is based on simulations with the Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems (POLES) global energy systems model. The phase-out of nuclear power increases GHG emissions by 2% globally and 7% for Annex I countries. The price of certificates increases by 24% and total compliance costs of Annex I countries rise by 28%. Compliance costs increase most for Japan (+58%) and the US (+28%). China, India, and Russia benefit from a global nuclear phase-out because revenues from higher trading volumes of certificates outweigh the costs of losing nuclear power as a mitigation option. Even for countries that face a relatively large increase in compliance costs, such as Japan, the nuclear phase-out implies a relatively small overall economic burden. When trading of certificates is available only to countries that committed to a second Kyoto period, the nuclear phase-out results in a larger increase in the compliance costs for the group of Annex I countries (but not for the EU and Australia). Results from sensitivity analyses suggest that the findings are fairly robust to alternative burden-sharing schemes and emission target levels.Policy relevanceNew calculations show that the impact of a global phase-out of nuclear energy on global mitigation costs is quite modest, but that there are substantial differences for countries. Total compliance costs increase the most for Japan and the US, but these are rather marginal if measured in terms of GDP. China, India, and Russia benefit from a nuclear phase-out because their additional revenues from selling certificates outweigh the additional costs of losing nuclear power as a mitigation option. The findings also highlight the importance of certificate trading to achieving climate targets in a cost-efficient way. If Japan or the US were to be banned from certificate trading, along with other countries, because of their non-participation in a second Kyoto period, then their compliance costs would increase substantially under a nuclear phase-out. The EU, however, would benefit because certificate prices would be lower. Published in: „Climate Policy“, 14:3, 327-352, DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2014.852018
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

Germany has approximately 11,000 municipalities which can make a significant contribution towards achieving climate targets. The Local Authorities Funding Guideline (LAG) of the German National Climate Initiative (NCI) has supported municipalities in designing and implementing climate action since 2008. One of the LAG components comprises funding a dedicated position for a climate action manager in a municipality. Since 2008, more than 800 climate action managers have been funded in this way. Their tasks are very diverse. First, they implement investments in energy efficiency. Beyond that, they make a major contribution to establishing climate action in municipalities. Among other things, they organise and coordinate networks and expert groups within and outside their administration, they conduct public relations work, carry out educational projects, and solicit additional funding for various projects. However, evaluating their impact presents a challenge. This study contributes towards such an evaluation. To determine the impact of climate action management, a set of criteria and indicators have been identified and a survey consisting of 46 questions belonging to 6 question blocks on the topic of municipal climate action was created. In this paper the questions in the following four blocks are evaluated: (i) Introductory, statistical questions, (ii) Climate action personnel in the municipality, (iii) Importance of climate action in administration and local politics, and (iv) Inventory of climate action activities. The survey was conducted among all municipalities with more than 10,000 inhabitants in two German federal states: North Rhine-Westphalia and Brandenburg. The evaluation of the survey was carried out in three groups: 1) municipalities with climate action managers, 2) municipalities that once had a climate action manager, but no longer have one, and 3) municipalities that have never had a climate action manager. The comparison of the results of the three groups shows that municipalities with a climate action manager perform better in practically all of the criteria surveyed than municipalities without a climate action manager: climate action has a higher priority, generally finds stronger support in municipal politics and greater attention also outside the environmental protection sector. There is more often a climate action committee within the administration, there is more often a financial budget available, more experts are involved in implementing climate action and more funding programmes are tapped into. Since the majority of cities in Group 3 are smaller cities with 10,000 to 20,000 inhabitants, it can be seen that cities of this size are less active in climate protection. These cities obviously need more or different support through funding. The effectiveness of the LAG’s „climate action manager“ funding priority could be demonstrated. The funding of a position for the manager to implement climate action in the municipalities should therefore be continued. The funding programme should be further expanded to reach smaller municipalities in particular. It could also be shown that personnel responsible for climate protection in the municipality is essential in order to become more active in climate protection. The survey results can therefore be used to demonstrate the importance of climate action managers for municipal climate action and for the implementation of climate protection measures. The aim should be to increase the number of municipalities with climate action managers.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG