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Energy scenarios assist decision making regarding the transformation of the energy supply system. A multitude of scenarios exists in various formats. Thus, for scientists and policy stakeholders alike, it remains difficult to distinguish and compare scenario data. Hence, the aim of the project SzenarienDB is to establish an energy scenario database containing data in comparable and machine-readable format. SzenarienDB will do so by extending the OpenEnergyPlatform (OEP). To ensure that the extension fulfils the requirements of the modelling community, we conducted an online survey. We asked the participants about what they expected of an energy scenario database. Along with input from expert meetings and GitHub issues on that topic, we derived user requirement from the answers. In total, we identified 69 requirements. Out of these, around 44% were considered as very urgent. Hence, we conclude that there is a great need for the development of a consistent energy scenario database. To tackle the requirements we grouped these into twelve categories: input and output, data review process, bug-fixes, documentation, factsheets, features, functions to modify data, layout, metadata, ontology, references, and other. Each category is resolved according to its intrinsic properties.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

The objective of this study is to provide technical assistance in the preparation of the 2016 Report on Renewable Energy, in preparation of the Renewable Energy Package for the period 2020-2030 in the European Union. Key findings are: Renewable energy sources (RES) are deployed by all EU Member States in the electricity, heating & cooling and transport sectors. This study provides insights into the level of deployment and the utilisation of different RES technologies in the EU-28 including an outlook towards 2020, both overall and on the sector level. The average renewable energy share (RES share) in the EU-28 gross final energy consumption in 2013-14 was 15.5 %, exceeding the indicative trajectory for 2013/2014 set out in the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) by almost a third. According to preliminary estimates, a 16.4 % share for 2015 is also well above the 2015/2016 indicative trajectory set out in the RED. Member States have addressed non-economic barriers since the introduction of the Renewables Directive. However, across Member States and sectors various non-economic barriers can still be found, for example due to permitting procedures. Such barriers hamper the deployment of renewable energies: they entail costs for project developers, lead to delays in deployment or can even prevent projects from being realised and thus reduce overall deployment. A range of measures is presented by sector for reducing non-economic barriers.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

This paper is an empirical investigation of the role of banks in the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). This topic is of particular interest considering that banks are responsible for a large and increasing share of overall transactions under the EU ETS and that they provide regulated companies with services related to emissions trading.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

District heating (DH) can become a key infrastructure for achieving climate targets in the heating sector. In order to support the uptake of renewables in the DH sector, the European Commission proposed to open DH infrastructures to third parties. This will allow independent heat producers to supply heat produced from renewable energy sources and from waste heat to consumers connected to the grid. This paper develops a better understanding of the complexity associated with the introduction of third party grid access (TPA). We will analyse the heterogeneous institutional set-up of DH markets in the EU and discuss competition and market boundaries in the heat market. Based on this, the paper investigates the technical, regulatory and economic challenges that arise from the practical implementation of TPA. We conclude that TPA alone will not be sufficient to support the expansion of renewables in the DH sector. Complementary policy measures will be necessary to transform the DH sector towards 4th generation DH systems that will become an integrated element of a smart energy system. Published in: Energy Policy, Volume 132, September 2019, Pages 881-892
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

Even though environmental innovations are generally considered a key element towards a green growth strategy, especially for the case of energy efficiency innovations, the impact on climate goals has been subject to a long-running debate. On the one hand, energy efficiency innovations provide a huge cost-effective CO2 reduction potential. On the other hand, increasing energy efficiency implies cost reductions which in turn may lead to increased consumption due to the so-called rebound effect. Our study investigates the long-term environmental impact of energy efficiency innovations on the EU-27 residential electricity demand (excluding heating systems) using a detailed bottom-up modelling approach. Assuming a rebound effect of 10 %, we show that the diffusion of energy efficiency technologies with current policy levels provides savings of around 140 TWh and additional 270 TWh may be saved through additional policy measures accelerating the diffusion and development of new technologies until 2030. By contrast, assuming a (rather pessimistic) rebound effect of 40 %, the savings are reduced to around 95 and 180 TWh until 2030, respectively. We conclude that there is a clear case for ambitious policies to support energy efficiency innovations for the residential sector, which ideally should be complemented by measures to limit the rebound effect.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

What are regulatory experiments and how can they contribute to sustainability transformations? We seek to answer these questions by considering regulatory experiments in the energy sector and exploring their potential impact pathways. Different kinds of regulatory experiments can be combined with real-world labs to expand their scope and their impacts to the regulatory realm. Regulatory experiments (RegExs) can be considered an element of mission-oriented innovation policies. As such, we discuss how they relate to real-world labs (RwLs) and how they can contribute to sustainability transformations. We distinguish between two types of experiments: 1. regulatory sandboxes that help innovators to bring new products, services, and other innovations to market, and 2. regulatory-innovation experiments that are specifically designed to explore new solutions for evolving regulatory frameworks. The two types can be linked to RwLs such that an RwL can be embedded in a regulatory sandbox, enabling the RwL to try out so
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

The liberalisation of the European power market has significantly changed the framework of the electricity industry. The process of market opening and securing fair, transparent and sustainable third party access is still under way. But (incomplete) liberalisation can be thwarted by concentration trends in the electricity generation market. This study analyses the market concentration trends in six regional markets in Europe from 1996 to 2004 based on different methodological approaches. The analysis shows two very different development patterns. On the one hand, the market concentration in the United Kingdom decreased significantly in recent years and lead to electricity generation markets which could be described as unconcentrated, similar to the Scandinavian power production market. On the other hand, market concentration and its trends are occurring in all other regions. In markets which are characterized by former centralized state monopolies, the concentration indicators remain very high. Furthermore, especially in the German market, which is historically characterized by a diversity of power generation, mergers have pushed the concentration indicators to levels which are more and more critical. Given this background, it is necessary to create more strict competition rules in the electricity markets as a necessary counterbalance to these developments. Key elements of this approach are a stricter unbundling, a premium for decentralised power generation taking into account long term avoided network costs, the elimination of other market distortions as well as disinvestment obligations for market dominating generators.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

This report is intended as a steppingstone towards implementation. It provides a basis of knowledge for policymakers and experts across the climate and social policy fields tasked with making the Social Climate Fund work. We review the new legislation to gain an understanding of its scope, objectives, and processes. We then use original modelling analyses to examine vulnerability to the carbon price across Europe, focusing in on Poland and Romania. Furthermore, we unpack the discussion on policy design considerations, drawing on a broad range of good-practice policies from Europe and around the world.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

In view of the current geopolitical situation, the EU and its Member States are accelerating efforts to reduce their dependency on fossil fuel imports, while simultaneously tackling the climate crisis. With heating in buildings accounting for a large share of the energy consumption in the EU, policies to phase-out fossil fuels for heating and to switch to renewables are key elements. In the context of the proposed actions to phase-out fossil fuels at EU level, this article provides a systematic analysis of current and planned phase-out regulations for fossil fuel boilers in the EU Member States. The paper quantifies the share of energy consumption for heating that is addressed by such regulations and finds that the current regulations only address about 10% of the total fossil energy consumption for heating in the EU. The share increases to almost 30% when considering the planned regulations, reflecting the fact that large energy consumers such as Germany and the Netherlands have announced such regulations. The analysis shows that several Member States with high energy consumption for heating have neither implemented nor announced plans to introduce phase-out regulations for fossil fuel heating. The study concludes that immediate policy action is needed both at EU and at Member State levels. At EU level, the proposed introduction of an end-date for stand-alone fossil fuel boilers needs to be substantiated and implemented into the legislative framework. At the national level, phase-out regulations for fossil fuel boilers need to be expanded both in quantity and scope.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

Electric vehicles charged with low-emission electricity are one of the key options to reduce emissions in passenger road transport. However, the introduction of electric vehicles will inevitably lead to greater interaction between the mobility and the electricity sector. When electric car penetration reaches higher levels, the electricity demand from electric cars will become a relevant factor within the energy system and impacts the operation of power plants and grid infrastructure. The analysis of the impact of increasing electric vehicle car fleets in Europe therefore forms the core of the study. A literature review summarizes the general impact of electric vehicles on the power system and provides an overview of different smart charging strategies for electric vehicle integration. Two electric car scenarios of medium (50% electric car fleet in 2050) and high (80% electric car fleet in 2050) electric vehicle penetration are used to show the impact of electric vehicles on CO2 and air pollutant emissions for the EU-28. These scenarios are compared to the EU Reference Scenario from 2013 (8% fleet penetration of electric cars by 2050) in order to provide an overview of how much electric vehicles influence the power production and how much they can contribute to emission reduction. Other sectors and their impact on future emission reduction are not part of the study as the focus is on electric vehicle integration into the power system only. Therefore, the basis for the development of other sectors is the Reference Scenario of 2013.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG