Dein Suchergebnis zum Thema: W��hrung

The Effort Sharing Decision (ESD, Decision No 406/2009) establishes national burden sharing targets for EU Member States. It focusses on those categories that are not covered by the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and those that do not relate to Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). Emissions covered by the ESD contributed to over half of the EU-28 GHG emissions in 2015. This report presents a trend analysis of historic and future anthropogenic GHG emissions for the most significant sectors covered by the ESD. The key drivers for ESD emission reductions are improved energy efficiency in buildings and switching to less carbon intensive fuels, including renewables. These drivers are linked to the greatest reduction in ESD emissions between 1990 and 2035 seen in the residential and commercial sector. However, much faster rates of GHG emission decreases are necessary to achieve an 80% decrease by 2050, even if the 2030 target is met. The report was prepared on behalf of the European Environment Agency, as partner of the European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate change Mitigation.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

This report provides estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the European Union (EU) and its Member States for 2015, covering the full GHG inventory (all sectors, except land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), and all gases). These estimates are also referred to as approximated (‚proxy‘) estimates or inventories in this report as they cover the year for which no official GHG inventories have been prepared yet. The proxy inventories in this report are based on GHG emission estimates reported by Member States to the European Commission under existing EU legislation (1 ) and on calculations made by the European Environment Agency’s (EEA) European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (ETC/ACM) using activity and/or emission data at country level. The official submission of 2015 inventories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) will take place in 2017. The proxy estimates greatly improve the timeliness of information on GHG emissions and are used for analysis of emission trends and progress towards EU climate targets. The report was prepared on behalf of the European Environment Agency, as partner of the European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate change Mitigation.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

IFM serves as an umbrella term for a broad array of forest management practices aiming at increasing or maintaining forest carbon stocks. IFM projects often combine several activities or management practices and sometimes change them over time. This broad spectrum of activities will be presented and evaluated in more detail in this factsheet. The additionality risk depends on what activities are being implemented, as the costs, benefits, barriers, and the influence of carbon credit revenues differ among activities. An additionality risk common to all IFM activities is the lack of systemic checks for new legal requirements that could mandate the implementation of the project at a later stage. All quantification methodologies assessed are likely leading to significant overestimation of emission reductions or removals. Key shortcomings include insufficient leakage deductions and high uncertainties in baselines. The project type has material non-permanence risks as forests are in jeopardy of being destroyed or d
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

This paper presents an overview of policy frameworks for district heating (DH) in Europe. We develop a classification for policy aspects addressing DH, comprising regulation of ownership, prices, metering, consumer grid connection, third party access as well as support schemes and carbon taxes. This classification builds on existing literature and expert assessments collected in an online survey and interviews. The relevance of the paper lies in giving a comprehensive picture of the existing policy frameworks for DH in 23 European countries. For the overview, the countries are clustered along assigned categories. It is shown that the policy frameworks for DH can be clustered into five distinguishable groups. While some countries apply very strict regulations in special DH laws, others rely on less regulatory intervention, both with varying degrees of support for DH in place. The different policy frameworks are discussed in the context of the diffusion of DH and the integration of renewable and waste heat in DH. This analysis shows that high shares of DH and high shares of renewable and waste heat in DH can be observed in countries with a high degree of regulation as well as in countries with less regulatory intervention in DH markets.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

Green hydrogen can help to decarbonize parts of the transportation sector, but its power sector interactions are not well understood so far. It may contribute to integrating variable renewable energy sources if production is sufficiently flexible in time. Using an open-source co-optimization model of the power sector and four options for supplying hydrogen at German filling stations, we find a trade-off between energy efficiency and temporal flexibility. For lower shares of renewables and hydrogen, more energy-efficient and less flexible small-scale on-site electrolysis is optimal. For higher shares of renewables and/or hydrogen, more flexible but less energy-efficient large-scale hydrogen supply chains gain importance, as they allow to temporally disentangle hydrogen production from demand via storage. Liquid hydrogen emerges as particularly beneficial, followed by liquid organic hydrogen carriers and gaseous hydrogen. Large-scale hydrogen supply chains can deliver substantial power sector benefits, mainly through reduced renewable curtailment. Energy modelers and system planners should consider the distinct flexibility characteristics of hydrogen supply chains in more detail when assessing the role of green hydrogen in future energy transition scenarios. We also propose two alternative cost and emission metrics which could be useful in future analyses. Published in: Scientific Reports, Article 14191 (2021) DOI: doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92511-6
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

This case study is part of a series of six studies which show good practice examples for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the sectors covered under the Effort Sharing Legislation. It has been developed on behalf of the European Commission, DG Climate Action. Energy and climate funds are financial instruments that offer support for a variety of projects. Such funds can vary in size and scope, addressing a variety of different target groups and sectors. Often energy and climate funds specifically address effort sharing sectors and have a diverse portfolio of projects they aim to support. Such funds can be effective in their ability to realize emission reduction potentials in previously untapped areas, in producing long-term changes, changing behavioural patterns, and addressing a multitude of barriers. This case study considers four best-practice examples of energy and climate funds: The Climate and Energy Fund managed by Enova (Norway), the National Climate Initiative (Germany), the National Trust ECO Fund (Bulgaria), and the JESSICA-FIDAE Fund (Spain). The case study will give an overview of each fund, compare insights from the implementation phases of the funds, and offer an assessment of the four funds in terms of their successes, limitations, and future potentials
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

The current energy systems are undergoing fundamental changes driven by the climate crisis, unfolding digitalisation and increasing calls for a more active citizens‘ engagement. The impact of these ongoing trends on the future energy system, however, is far from straightforward. Although there is an increasing shift towards a decentralisation, it is not clear yet how exactly this new decentralised configuration will unfold and materialise. In this article we explore the rationales behind current trends towards a more decentralised electricity system. Given the developments in the electricity system, our study centres on emerging initiatives led by citizens and their values. Theoretically, we first mobilise the notion of socio-technical system as constituted and reproduced by actors, institutions, and technology, operating based on certain shared principles. We use this lens to describe the past and current energy system organisation. Secondly, based on two dimensions of value orientation and steering directio
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

Economic principles are at the heart of key policies addressing or affecting energy efficiency. Minimum energy performance standards are typically based on an economic efficiency principle, where the ambition of the minimum requirements depends on economic costs and benefits. Examples from different governance levels include the least-life-cycle-costs approach in the EU Ecodesign Directive, the cost-optimality approach in the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and the German building codes, where the requirement for micro-level cost efficiency acts as barrier for setting more ambitious standards. Also, some public procurement approaches are based on economic principles, where requirements to include life-cycle costs and/or external environmental costs can provide a driver for the uptake of energy efficiency technologies. In view of the fundamental role of energy efficiency policy for reaching climate targets, this article addresses the question how innovative approaches to use economic principles in policy formulation can foster the deployment of energy efficiency solutions. To this end, we analyse different approaches for using economic principles in minimum energy performance standards and in public procurement processes, including the recently introduced requirement to consider the costs of climate action in Federal procurement processes specified in the German Federal Climate Change Act. We derive recommendations on how to use economic principles in policy formulation as a driver rather than a barrier for the deployment of energy efficiency solutions.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

There is substantial research interest in how future fleets of battery-electric vehicles will interact with the power sector. Various types of energy models are used for respective analyses. they depend on meaningful input parameters, in particular time series of vehicle mobility, driving electricity consumption, grid availability, or grid electricity demand. as the availability of such data is highly limited, we introduce the open-source tool emobpy. Based on mobility statistics, physical properties of battery-electric vehicles, and other customizable assumptions, it derives time series data that can readily be used in a wide range of model applications. For an illustration, we create and characterize 200 vehicle profiles for Germany. Depending on the hour of the day, a fleet of one million vehicles has a median grid availability between 5 and 7 gigawatts, as vehicles are parking most of the time. Four exemplary grid electricity demand time series illustrate the smoothing effect of balanced charging strategies. Published in: Scientific Data 8, Article Number 151 doi: doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00932
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG

If relevant volumes of hydrogen and synthetic fuels are to be used in the European transport sector until 2030, there is a need for sustainability criteria for these fuels to ensure their environmental benefit. Such criteria should not only address CO2 emission savings but also broader aspects of sustainability such as the use of natural resources (e.g. water and land) and social impacts (e.g. land right issues and welfare of local population in production countries). As electricity-based synthetic methane can also be used in other sectors (e.g. for heating), the development of sustainability criteria is not only relevant for transport but also for the climate policy framework of other sectors. This policy paper sets out the most important issues which should be addressed by such criteria and outlines possible criteria approaches. For the development of a concrete criteria set, a much more thorough assessment of the relevant issues is necessary than it is possible in this short paper. The analysis in this paper concentrates on the sustainability aspects of the production of liquid synthetic fuels (methanol, liquid hydrocarbons), with most arguments also applying to hydrogen.
Die Arbeitshilfe beinhalt eine Einführung in die gesetzlichen Grundlagen wie KSG