Italian Painting of the Later Middle Ages – The Metropolitan Museum of Art https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/italian-painting-of-the-later-middle-ages
With Giotto, the flat world of thirteenth-century Italian painting was transformed into an analogue for the real world, for which reason he is considered the father of modern European painting.
after this area fell under Norman rule in about 1071, Italy maintained a strong link
